Question 1:
Fill in the blanks and rewrite the sentence.
a. The amount of water vapour in air is determined in terms of its ........... .
b. If objects of equal masses are given equal heat, their final temperature will be different. This is due to difference in their ................. .
c. During transformation of liquid phase to solid phase, the latent heat is ............ .
ANSWER:
a. The amount of water vapour in air is determined in terms of its absolute humidity.
b. If objects of equal masses are given equal heat, their final temperature will be different. This is due to differences in their different specific heat capacity.
c. During transformation of liquid phase to solid phase, the latent heat is latent heat of fusion.
Question 2:
Observe the following graph. Considering the change in volume of water as its temperature is raised from 0°C, discuss the difference in the behaviour of water and other substances. What is this behaviour of water called?
ANSWER:
Most of the substances expand on heating and contract on cooling. Whereas, from the graph, it is clearly visible that water shows a distinct and peculiar behavior between 0oC to 4oC. Water, instead of expanding, contracts between 0oC to 4oC. After 4oC, it shows the normal behavior of expansion as is shown by other substances. Thus, at 4oC, water posses maximum density and minimum volume.
This behavior of water between 0oC to 4oC is known as anomalous behavior of water.
Question 3:
What is meant by specific heat capacity? How will you prove experimentally that different substances have different specific heat capacities?
Take three balls of iron, copper and lead of equal mass and put them in boiling water for some time. Then, take them out of the water and measure their temperature. All of them will be at temperature 100oC. Now, put them immediately on the thick slab of wax. Note the depth that each of the ball goes into the wax. The ball which absorbs more heat from the water will give more heat to wax. More wax will thus melt and the ball will go deeper in the wax. It will be observed that the iron ball goes deepest into the wax. Lead ball goes the least and copper ball goes to intermediate depth. This shows that for equal rise in temperature, the three balls have absorbed different amounts of heat. This means that the property which determines the amount of heat absorbed by a ball is different for the three balls. This property is called the specific heat capacity.
Question 4:
While deciding the unit for heat, which temperature interval is chosen? Why?
ANSWER:
While deciding the unit for heat (which is calorie), the temperature interval chosen is 14.5oC-15.5oC.
We know that the amount of heat released or absorbed by a body is given as
∆Q =ms ∆T
Now, we also know that one calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water through 1oC. Thus, for 1 calorie of heat energy, the specific heat capacity of water should be 1 cal g-1 oC-1. It is found experimentally that the specific heat capacity of water is 1 cal g-1 oC-1 when the temperature range is 14.5oC-15.5oC.
Question 5:
Explain the following temperature vs time graph.
ANSWER:
In the given graph, line AB represents conversion of ice into water at constant temperature. When ice is heated, it melts at 0oC and converts into water maintaining constant temperature of 0oC. This constant temperature, at which the ice converts into water is called the melting point of ice. Also, during this transition, the ice absorbs heat energy. This heat energy is utilised for weakening the bonds between the atoms or molecules in the ice to transform itself into liquid. This heat energy absorbed by ice, at constant temperature, to convert it into liquid is called the latent heat of fusion.
Once all the ice is transformed into water, the temperature of the water starts rising. It increases upto 100oC. Line BC in the graph represents rise in temperature of water from 0oC to 100oC. Thereafter, even though heat energy is supplied to water, its temperature does not rise. The heat energy is absorbed by water at this temperature and is used to break the bonds between molecules of the liquid and convert the liquid into gaseous state. Thus, during transformation from liquid phase to gas phase, heat energy is absorbed by the liquid, but its temperature does not change. The constant temperature at which the liquid transforms into gaseous state is called the boiling point of the liquid. The heat energy absorbed at constant temperature during transformation of liquid into gas is called the latent heat of vaporization.
Question 6:
Explain the following:
a. What is the role of anomalous behaviour of water in preserving aquatic life in regions of cold climate?
ANSWER:
The anomalous behaviour of water is that it contracts from 0oC to 4oC and beyond 4oC it expands. Thus, the density of water is maximum at 4oC.
When the surrounding temperature falls, the water in oceans and rivers cools down and say the temperature of water reaches 4oC. Thus, the water reaches its maximum density at this temperature.
Below this temperature (4oC), the water layer on the surface expands due to anomalous behaviour of water because of which its density decreases. Thus, this colder layer remains on top and converts into ice which acts as an insulator and does not allow the temperature of water layer below it to fall below 4oC. In this way, a liveable temperature is maintained for the aquatic life under the oceans and rivers due to the anomalous behaviour of water.
b. How can you relate the formation of water droplets on the outer surface of a bottle taken out of refrigerator with formation of dew?
ANSWER:
In both the given processes, the temperature of the air near the surface of bottle or the leaves (in case of dew formation) decreases to dew point. Thus, the air becomes saturated with water vapour. As a result, water vapour converts or condenses into tiny water droplets which appears on the surface of bottle or leaves.
c. In cold regions in winter, the rocks crack due to anomalous expansion of water.
ANSWER:
Water has the property of expanding below 4oC. Thus, in cold regions when the temperature falls below 4oC, the water content present in rocks expands. Due to this expansion of water or increase in volume of water, the rocks cracks.
Question 7:
Answer the following:
a. What is meant by latent heat? How will the state of matter transform if latent heat is given off?
ANSWER:
Latent heat of a body is the amount of heat required to change the state of unit mass of the body from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas without any change in temperature. If latent heat is given off, then the body in liquid state will transform to solid state and the body in vapour state will transform to liquid state. This means the internal energy of the matter decreases when latent heat is given off.
b Which principle is used to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance?
ANSWER:
Principle of heat exchange is used in the calorimetry method to determine the specific heat capacity of a substance.
c. Explain the role of latent heat in the change of state of a substance?
ANSWER:
According to the kinetic model, the total energy of a molecule is the sum of kinetic energy due to its motion (which depends on temperature) and its potential energy (which depends on the force of attraction between the molecules and the separation between them. During the phase change of a substance, its temperature does not increase and hence its kinetic energy. But the potential energy increases or decreases depending on the type of phase transformation (for example, while melting of ice, the separation between the molecules of ice increases and hence its potential energy).
Thus, some energy is required in increases or decreasing the separation between the molecules. Thus, the heat supplied during phase transformation is used up in increasing or decreasing the potential energy and this heat energy is known as latent heat.
d. On what basis and how will you determine whether air is saturated with vapour or not?
ANSWER:
On the basis of amount of water vapour present in the air, it can be either saturated or unsaturated. If the amount of water vapours exceeds the amount that the air can contain, then it is called saturated. If the amount of water vapour is less than the limit of the amount that air can contain then it is called unsaturated.
We can determine whether the air is saturated with vapour or not in terms of relative humidity. If the relative humidity is 100%, the air will be saturated otherwise not.
Question 8:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
If heat is exchanged between a hot and cold object, the temperature of the cold object goes on increasing due to gain of energy and the temperature of the hot object goes on decreasing due to loss of energy.
The change in temperature continues till the temperatures of both the objects attain the same value. In this process, the cold object gains heat energy and the hot object loses heat energy. If the system of both the objects is isolated from the environment by keeping it inside a heat resistant box (meaning that the energy exchange takes place between the two objects only), then no energy can flow from inside the box or come into the box.
i. Heat is transferred from where to where?
ii. Which principle do we learn about from this process?
iii. How will you state the principle briefly?
iv. Which property of the substance is measured using this principle?
ANSWER:
(i) Heat is transferred from the object at higher temperature to the object at lower temperature.
(ii) We learn the principle of heat exchange from this process.
(iii) Principle of heat exchange states that the heat energy lost by hot object is always equal to heat gained by cold object provided that the system of both the objects is isolated.
(iv) Specific heat of an object can be measured using this principle.
Question 9:
Solve the following problems:
a. Equal heat is given to two objects A and B of mass 1 g. Temperature of A increases by 3°C and B by 5°C. Which object has more specific heat? And by what factor?
b. Liquid ammonia is used in ice factory for making ice from water. If water at 20°C is to be converted into 2 kg of ice at 0°C, how many grams of ammonia are to be evaporated? (Given: The latent heat of vaporization of ammonia= 341 cal/g)
c. A thermally insulated pot has 150 g ice at temperature 0°C. How much steam of 100°C has to be mixed to it, so that water of temperature 50°C will be obtained? (Given : latent heat of melting of ice = 80 cal/g, latent heat of vaporization of water = 540 cal/g, specific heat of water = 1 cal/g °C)
d. A calorimeter has mass 100 g and specific heat 0.1 kcal/ kg °C. It contains 250 gm of liquid at 30°C having specific heat of 0.4 kcal/kg °C. If we drop a piece of ice of mass 10 g at 0°C, What will be the temperature of the mixture?
