Answer in one sentence. Chapter 1: Principles of Management
What is principle of unity of command?
Solution:
Each member of organization should receive orders from only one superior. This principle helps in managing conflicts and solving disputes among people in organization.
What is standardization of tools and equipments?
Solution:
Standardized working environment and methods of production help to reduce spoilage and wastage of material, cost of production, fatigue among the workers and it improves quality of work.
What is the differential wage rate?
Solution:
Remuneration should be fixed in such a way that average worker is motivated to attain a standard output.
What is Subordination of individual interest into organizational interest?
Solution:
According to this principle the interest of an individual must be given less importance than the interest of the organization.
What is the meaning of principle?
Solution:
"Principle is defined as a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning." In simple words, techniques or systems which give one-directional result are called principles.
Management principles are helpful in optimum utilization of resources.
Solution:
(1) Materials or abstract qualities that a person or organization uses to perform the work are called resources, e.g. tools, stocks, time, employees, etc. In every organization, two types of resources are used and they are
(i) Physical resources such as material, machine, money, etc.
(ii) Human resources i.e. manpower.
(2) The different types of resources are used in the organization to manufacture or produce different types of goods and services. The resources are scarce in relation to their demand and therefore resources should not be wasted and misused. They should be used carefully and up to their optimum capacity.
(3) The basic aim and function of management are to make and maintain proper balance and allocate these resources by putting them to maximum possible use and control on wastage of resources. Through the use of different techniques and management principles, management maintains discipline and a healthy working environment to establish a cordial relationship with the employees.
(4) It helps to increase the efficiency level of employees and to manage the administration effectively, e.g. use of modern and standard tools and machinery. It also helps to increase quality, productivity, and level of efficiency of human resources.
Balbharati Solutions for Organisation of Commerce and Management (OC) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board
(1) Principles of management are the statements of fundamental truth which act as guidelines for managerial decision-making and action. They establish cause and effect relationships. They are evolved through observation, analysis, and experiments.
(2) Principles of management although fundamental, are not rigid. They are flexible in nature in the sense they can be changed or modified according to the situation and requirements of the organization. Managers can change these principles to suit the requirements of the organization.
(3) Principles of management are flexible guidelines providing ample scope for making changes according to the nature of the enterprise, its size, competitive situation, etc. For instance, in the context of the present business scenario, in many places, the 'family management has been substituted by professional management.
(4) The modern business world is dynamic. The situations in a business enterprise keep on changing continuously. No two circumstances are identical. Principles of management can be changed, adjusted or modified, and used in the enterprise as per its changing needs and requirements. By identifying problems of business changes will be accepted.
Balbharati Solutions for Organisation of Commerce and Management (OC) 12th Standard HSC Maharashtra State Board
Describe any four techniques of scientific management?
Solution:
Some of the major techniques of scientific management are as follows:
1) Standardization of Tools and Equipment:
With the result of experiments conducted at work place, Taylor advocated the standardization of tools and equipment. Standardized working environment and methods of production help to reduce spoilage and wastage of material, cost of production, fatigue among the workers and it improves the quality of work.
2) Scientific Task Setting:
Taylor emphasized the need for fixing a fair day's work. A scientific work setting is important to prevent the employees from doing work much below their capacity. By using this technique, employees will complete the task according to standards given and management can keep proper control on optimum utilization of the workforce.
3) Scientific Selection and Training:
Management can select the right persons for the right jobs by using scientific selection procedures. It needs to fix job specifications as per requirement. Employees are selected according to predetermined standards in an impartial way. After selection, management should provide the proper training programs to increase their efficiency.
4) Differential Piece-Rate Wage Plan:
Taylor suggested the differential piece-wage system. Higher rates are offered to employees who complete the work more than the standard quantity under this system. On the other hand, if an employee is performing below the standard; he shall be given a lower rate of wages. This technique motivates the employees to attain higher standard performance and earn wages i.e. remuneration at a higher rate.
