Class 10th Science CBSE Solution
In Text Questions-pg-61- What would be the electron-dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?…
- What would be the electron-dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of…
In Text Questions-pg-68- How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
- What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we…
- What will be the formula and electron-dot structure of cyclopentane?…
- Draw the structures for the following compounds: (i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromopentane (iii)…
- How would you name the following compounds? (i) (ii) (iii)
In Text Questions-pg-71- Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction ?…
- A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne…
In Text Questions-pg-74- How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid ?…
- What are oxidising agents ?
In Text Questions-pg-76- Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent ?…
- People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they beat…
Exercise-pg-77- Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has :A. 6 covalent bonds B. 7 covalent bonds C. 8…
- Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group :A. carboxylic acid B.…
- While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means…
- Explain the nature of the covalent bond by using the bond formation in CH3Cl.…
- Draw the electron-dot structures for: (a) ethanoic acid (b) H2S (c) propanone (d) F2…
- What is a homologous series ? Explain with an example.
- How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and…
- Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water ? Will a micelle be…
- Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications ?…
- Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.…
- What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue) ?…
- What is hydrogenation ? What is its industrial application ?
- Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions ? C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2…
- Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.…
- Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soap.
- What would be the electron-dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?…
- What would be the electron-dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of…
- How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
- What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we…
- What will be the formula and electron-dot structure of cyclopentane?…
- Draw the structures for the following compounds: (i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromopentane (iii)…
- How would you name the following compounds? (i) (ii) (iii)
- Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction ?…
- A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne…
- How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid ?…
- What are oxidising agents ?
- Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent ?…
- People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they beat…
- Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has :A. 6 covalent bonds B. 7 covalent bonds C. 8…
- Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group :A. carboxylic acid B.…
- While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means…
- Explain the nature of the covalent bond by using the bond formation in CH3Cl.…
- Draw the electron-dot structures for: (a) ethanoic acid (b) H2S (c) propanone (d) F2…
- What is a homologous series ? Explain with an example.
- How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and…
- Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water ? Will a micelle be…
- Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications ?…
- Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.…
- What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue) ?…
- What is hydrogenation ? What is its industrial application ?
- Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions ? C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2…
- Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.…
- Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soap.
In Text Questions-pg-61
Question 1.What would be the electron-dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?
Answer:The electron-dot structure of carbon dioxide (CO2) is:
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Question 2.What would be the electron-dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? (Hint. The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring).
Answer:The electron- dot structurer of Sulphur (S) is:
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
What would be the electron-dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?
Answer:
The electron-dot structure of carbon dioxide (CO2) is:
Question 2.
What would be the electron-dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? (Hint. The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring).
Answer:
The electron- dot structurer of Sulphur (S) is:
In Text Questions-pg-68
Question 1.How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Answer:Three structural isomers are possible for pentane (C5H12). These are-
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)
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Question 2.What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?
Answer:The two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of large number of carbon compounds are as follows:
(i) Catenation: It is ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon.
(ii) Tetravalency: Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable of bonding with four other atoms.
Question 3.What will be the formula and electron-dot structure of cyclopentane?
Answer:The molecular formula of cyclopentane is C5H10.
The electron-dot structure of cyclopentane is:
![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
Question 4.Draw the structures for the following compounds:
(i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromopentane
(iii) Butanone (iv) Hexanal
Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
Answer:(i) The structure of ethanoic acid:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(ii) Structure of Bromopentane:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(iii) Structure of butanone:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(iv) Structure of hexanal:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Yes, there are many structural isomers are possible for bromopentane. Among them, the structure of three isomers are given below:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
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)
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AehEVN//eQjHvP4C47PCx21zDONnQ+i5xdQdJbRBac9/5n2Fv8OtJ4IQZqoL+nnXZaMv7NMZXZdbhGqhs7aRwcx8P3ewSNcXiPK3tZMMbYeBih7qkY0W677ZaYXTBINTGrc405DbNZqkBogpQxWHameXPtmB7mhRFrjuE7mKHz+ov57rDDDsWDHvSgFDDgt6E2R9/scYWOPC+2PdtWlNFd73rXlNHtnHE9rgUjlaaEIcd9Y/QEhlBA18EJVUa0phK5QqUkeNzDLW95yzQ+nRo7dlM7Oj1WI7ujH9c73/nO1ogtVFoqai6EZJtNiNJcYONYmyaLMOfemqiVaHHcFDC86I1XlizhJ2DSjAPmiakKVJcZQno6njHEaD6dAzP2YppgrJiL35CuVNJqJ6QQPlVHTNAJz/CsJRuON0yyxcLnBm0LVCltgdQKrNo8Xm1EwJMaDHScsGxTxTWUmzTWDZzfnLODR9k8TSO80KRBVcVq+hps9Zh7UiXXRnmo0dXs9GjFPJ13fqw3MpruVcWjSsBunCu0TRx77LGpyygJ48bYAzylVLS26v7vscceaU6oHAKhOXWoquweNklToJY67wYbbJA0in/9619pcePINI+2klgxO8+eTayLTBCZ7aGmK1RTLS1qdm+V4VLtm67JwiNc9cJDqLik76yJjQi2wKuRDUQtnTVXgVKtmhCb2LzqnlPTIGEZ66Q6m8qLjVVtAtgE2He0CjYYrYM6w+Zq8zm4T84ldhGHE2cBOxPDa7rRB+eK3uUaL3Im0bgsfE4drybBySJhF1FxogWorOw24xjxNOgDkXvMHpN0VG0C7C+OEw6KNmug0PBoVmXXP4+kLSFax5xsth49ekzFKHtxgsaYfZvfrl5DFyL+e0wh0u4S25jd+lYwrL9zW/j+97+f/f5zEnyOTIc5orvE1nbGQSACkBnMvLI5YF9IdE9u5KqGDOZ+jI3UOGZY3ay7xCbCYZL8rybRdJT5KHD352I2ZSD4XLUreQCf97zndWa9dlqNHBNh3Th4xHJJNqXsRC3khoiSpnPIRkFol62HrqDTFZEF7+YEVU4kSQ7YQLbPlBu77757Kwm7wyDesUvE1ula/yIYpitd0DTEzU0Sp9cEBDK3Hb0zDAJ2m07YHQX7XZNkAPTEVgPGpXk0DUGtotnbKHVehYgVUiU3dNJRiyUHhI3Nh77ik6LTaqTM3Jxgq0jjyEFsIhiazoqeBFJWcpVAv8Md7jAl13C+o7OSLfpZ52wGKG40V615e4wWem7IAcsl2RDbfFClJ0VnvZGCgalwOW022cRUmRzg9pcEmRvKY+RykCC23vXfAiT5WWw5iU1Ki2aIOSDafT44B9hsTUf6j4I+CzIfuoLO2my4qQedw14K8MJNUoCnCchno0bnhq2PXD3iSLZxJRLmEzor2aS1c07klGxqg+Sym0i2PffcM/tz4KRpu89BYJNNNukUsRVdDdfiAZPIl3ufbZICPE1ACcH5oEZyvY/r9NMUNKJUca0ntoZBjdR5NCe4/nNJFzUw5gOx8UY2Uct/Emy55ZY9sS30hR5gs+Xa5xFBIoImN8QnTlcyvUlQI2VI98TWMAQB546LUx5NLcIcUNA0dyA2sFlz7XXqK6CWaFfQWQdJOCdy2mwKsebyCJ599tmp0GpuSHPJBbGR82EOFjyx2WfLLdnYjW11jqlCVbHcXN22S5RDzwFVtrrUebTTsZHzAdWKuW2Buz1Xe90yqg0m2oSghmrx4PmMTkm2+dpyuEce5NpMnwO6Q2yyk1U9LhdD5QnTkkoypfrsTT4AjgDlxUmUcvCtqsCqIisP0FRZ7GoLqnHjTaHa2rc83jTDG9VWqivMtlNqpMxsVWfFw0WYlupW9lrWXHPN9LdJz5jtBjaabjICYIPgdKnhlZQ5rPFCE9DbjjNCeJRKzFH3A+Ox/aASbxsqlUrQOtioAl3upa4qtbEmy49jqlpxKcOO8Qb8z2F0/vnnZ80CGYdOqZE6xyA2C68MD9i4CW8a0cXEgy/DvpdxD7wpaNdkb6m6oBD6Gmus0UotEHPsPqvlIHgFjSOGJonNOXgheaMDiF41YuM5Y2UXFLFp5GeyL7jgginj6t+31d9bRa9hLaOiUV+TtRyFRpGeVSC2tdZaq5VnEAyvmkcW89JkbhsPtHMM29vEbOZD5voYdIfY1HSv9vdmP2jsMEGL1VoQHFxXzrKtoLGh8WH9rusCNVL+XNV2UQdkkm6odSB6R5OyZagyZtzeY1MQsRNdcMtgtxuXW9cTW03Qs9ukaghImmmBq1/Wne50pzTu86YhRMq52G5aRHF9U628N66VbVPYeeedU6sm55S4etFFFyWJar/JeJMLfbBaTj013aeOncuWLUtxkf4KyG5asrk/59h+++0H7bKinbDxXOlOC5LYQl08+eST03u2C9XiwAMPHNozqwmEk0bPa7aC7AN/taxtuiOpOMR11103EZsmDnrBYTjOu84667SSxBk2m+vQMuz4449PDppoc1t2mtQNZSic4+Y3v3lKrbEOjjvuuEGTyPlQJmLBEFuokdU2v9THtogt2rlWr0HKi3GSpilst912xaabbrrK+MYbb5wcBG3sO1ng7rOaWoTgjDfZkJFjLPpZl8P0QrLNdzWyUw6SWNBV93IsgGrf7yYQNlvVIxoqbpPEtu2226Ycriok0a6++uopOLutZ1Ct7BXqtf7UTRNb1ROK8EY5TnpimyWOOeaYoXZRqHY6pDYJ9kE0cLe3VkbYMtXxOsETudlmm62yobvDDjskta6NPSbOKfdZ9fxRq41feumljZ1bd1XnqAZ/h4OkAwVbu0Ns2tlSl8o5TLKEcVXjWs82CSrSrrvums7FTowMZQHJ9t+MN1WAhi1kj805eD4Dmtkb4yBpY5+RZHMu9V/K4LQwzkvbFGLrh3OmXIoh1EiZ+z2x1YhR3R1NeNO1MBwfwXHUVLOTRXRwWJQ3W+uGDWN7idXNaxLftkCTKlyAKsc5ceKJJw7sJvNCqxDF0mR/c+fEWGx1cJYEZEAYJ+FzdzVaUMTWY3GDJB/mCGqD2fbE1qNHd9ATW48ePbH16LGA0OnOoz16dAw9sfXo0RNbRrQRQd9jcWFRq5GRosNlXI7KsFczjNjKJQF69JgFFiexIZijjjoqRYzLjzr99NOnJSKb2CLsBdwKG4JyvREEG6UK5hs6sP+0KLBoS9lJDRHAjMgQ23rrrZeKCY2CIj9qnAgLErIEiEsavr+IUfjWfE7Lrxu9hJ8ZVq6PxUdsEhzLqSCyCCIpcxhCYimoU86ni8UmAHjSTi6hik4Hauxcg4rbCEoWdJ2rqUYXsXz58u4RW93Sg1ooan5cXB+1E7EdffTRqXQdIhULiYDECfqLUBCn/5W4C4L0V0yjcKP4TZkAV6xYkYgQkYicv+KKKwaZyArBClFyjjIRlUsjDCtxd/nllycmEMceZm+aS5nWo0rkjSqV5xrllYVKPex6qkym/NkwhtN2Wb62cdllly1ub6RFrXiNHKlxDziITXS53CnBr5I5BUdbINJPZAXIQqCm+p48N8cVQHzkkUcWp512WvrtoYceOgjkPeecc1J+mFQh2QMCbXfcccdUss45d9pppxRVv2TJkkGgrWOSxOxISbWyDUjeWMSqfe27777peHvttVdxj3vco9hll12mVL/iBDrzzDOTpHb+sFsvvvjiFPTrt86h5IPPI1cP4atBYi6kHMkQ9zvM55RTTknX5Fqj1zbppwe4AG6l95QBlKGBYZUJDeFKzt1///3TdS40guukZKsLJIxCNVRIuWJqegzjxIETTjghLTDR7XKoLJ611147ZVArEEsyql8p/URJO4WILC71FEXKB3HJDkCoBxxwQHqvSBCbce+9904qrvckrWMpPaBbzj777JPqVYb6e8YZZyTiCecHYnZtUbcycv/keEl7Oeigg9J9Yg4kntd+++2X7FSSz+KPxFzXgDi9V9ELAXm/+eabJ2kNar/43JyAmij6pVEtEbw5iATT8847L33XPZpv9+laHLM8t+pRXnjhhemv72M2CwkrmdvilmyIhpTx8MtVmxCeB4+ILExQ76JaMk9ziyjJQOogiHJeHTVNayMcuwwZ1wr1IBaSxDFOOumkKZ+rKxLEFCUhIkud9Dv44IMH36e6IiS/IUkQUZkYgISLjHZEuc0226TyDu4V4ZuDQw45JH03nEGkdZmYoy5mvBdtDwqnmr9QnaX8IE737x70v5b4GnVSSDe/d63mzVyQlphT3KtyDwuMufeb2oDLWhBwySWXpMV8u9vdLiVsIkYIjisrO4DrG7NALCoSqdzZxrF8jqOXoRKUccROWvlf7cWAhYlwQy3UsN53qH3UOIRB6pWJWkEg3yEJo3BtuYdblDSgcmpKsdVWWyUvKwIgfdxnFOwhEctlHqLOi75wECp1uSgttdDn5kLFsw033DBdq3lBOFtvvfUgPSbKKKiYFcmfJCEtgEZASiqiNApd9PoueskWwOk32GCDwXv2hv4BkhRD/QvJVia2WMCypy0qxVLLHVEtfJ9X29EqS2fcYqeC+b8s/SxOxBYIFRaxRUk3xD+MgCWRRvXg8JxC1PCgBiNmBDcMnCpaKJclKcldrh4WxEb6g/onpFl4dEl3Uja8tKRcOZM6JJt7D5W32sNhoWGlFF98xMZGwc3LDSJw1d12223a3x1xxBFpUZx11lnpvd9Ru5RWQ5y4bbVaME5ORSJ1yp5JkpPdhpBD5Qu10HFIVDZOICQbFdBvFPjB+cvHpMaReM4Zx/S7AFXPmPsgyUlhjUJiDjCLkGzmo1wHMogtqlEfdthhUz6nhrreOBaVlc1ZJjblDALlAkFsM/9jZuX7iWYlCwUrVezFR2xUFSoOtU25cCqUhz+u5iGujUBwZe5y0oP30SIBktBir5ZU45zwO99jo3CAqLPIWwhRmSukH0aw/vrrJ4KKUgeHH374FOKxmH3Ou2lhai6x0UYbpesBdpjvc4JgKoqaipax6IHH0LWy2xyTJ9J1hgMm1EhzA7yr5YJGIY3Ybog/JCEbkLQKBwvJyI5DiBhMEJN793nU3XQtiJ/kdv/+IuiFhEWpRlp8PIkkCU/dTIqbWmQWqt+xV8oNCZXHtnhVmirHVpJUuDcbS60OxGbRhnqKiC00RYSMIVpSwILluSQd/BYBIq44JlWOZ08hJP87L2cLhBqpLgeCY6c5RjAUTgleVOcleTWlOPfccwf3YasBg/Ab8xNbHQgSOI68d43sUnaa91tssUX6n/s+ijPZ2iD9MRjqtsK6tjbKxYvivRdVnGR33IWElXPe22zzAdUuooip6gSYNEqlTGzh4RzVe9x5h3W/oYoiqACJTNqUwZ4tb05zpgSx24hXiCeumRNEe6/wrvof0yotxGQLU9HtEebq6Nowk++JbSEius2UtxN6ZEdPbAsRsYld9YL2yIeV2kVPbAsR7C42aRu1JHtMhkUZ9d+jRyb0xNajR09sPXosIGTzRi7EcJwFukD6SagJURbhxv7Vv/pXs6/rrrsuEdvShfZasWLF0pWcZOx3rr/++lmfY9zx5+PLNV955ZVLr7322vTyv5d5uPHGG1eZk/L/Pvd+pVay9Kqrrhp6bJ87bnWep7smx/Ib37vhhhtmfE9+P+p5G3Pd/o/7jOvxfvny5ROfx7XFvM1mDSxbtmzJ/wHlI58HXRq7MwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Question 5.How would you name the following compounds?
(i) ![](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
(ii) ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(iii) ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Answer:(i) The compound (
) contains 2 carbon atoms which means the parent hydrocarbon is ethane. It also contains a bromo group attached to one of the carbon atoms. Thus, the nomenclature of the compound is bromoethane.
(ii) The compound (
) contains 1 carbon atom which means the parent hydrocarbon is methane. It also contains a functional group called aldehyde group
which is represented by the adding a suffix 'al' at the end of name of the compound. Now, the name of carbon chain is modified by deleting the last 'e' of methane and adding the suffix 'al'. Thus, the nomenclature of the compound is 'methanal'.
(iii) The compound
contains 6 carbon atoms which means the parent hydrocarbon is hexane. It also contains a triple bond
in it which is represented by adding a suffix ‘yne’. Now, replacing the ‘ane’ of hexane by ‘yne’, the name of above compound becomes ‘hexyne’.
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Answer:
Three structural isomers are possible for pentane (C5H12). These are-
Question 2.
What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see around us?
Answer:
The two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of large number of carbon compounds are as follows:
(i) Catenation: It is ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon.
(ii) Tetravalency: Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable of bonding with four other atoms.
Question 3.
What will be the formula and electron-dot structure of cyclopentane?
Answer:
The molecular formula of cyclopentane is C5H10.
The electron-dot structure of cyclopentane is:
Question 4.
Draw the structures for the following compounds:
(i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromopentane
(iii) Butanone (iv) Hexanal
Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
Answer:
(i) The structure of ethanoic acid:
(ii) Structure of Bromopentane:
(iii) Structure of butanone:
(iv) Structure of hexanal:
Yes, there are many structural isomers are possible for bromopentane. Among them, the structure of three isomers are given below:
Question 5.
How would you name the following compounds?
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Answer:
(i) The compound ( ) contains 2 carbon atoms which means the parent hydrocarbon is ethane. It also contains a bromo group attached to one of the carbon atoms. Thus, the nomenclature of the compound is bromoethane.
(ii) The compound () contains 1 carbon atom which means the parent hydrocarbon is methane. It also contains a functional group called aldehyde group
which is represented by the adding a suffix 'al' at the end of name of the compound. Now, the name of carbon chain is modified by deleting the last 'e' of methane and adding the suffix 'al'. Thus, the nomenclature of the compound is 'methanal'.
(iii) The compound contains 6 carbon atoms which means the parent hydrocarbon is hexane. It also contains a triple bond
in it which is represented by adding a suffix ‘yne’. Now, replacing the ‘ane’ of hexane by ‘yne’, the name of above compound becomes ‘hexyne’.
In Text Questions-pg-71
Question 1.Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction ?
Answer:The addition of oxygen to a substance is called oxidation. The conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is as follows:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Since, in this reaction, one oxygen is added to ethanol, hence it is an oxidation reaction.
Question 2.A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?
Answer:A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because when ethyne is burnt in air, it gives a sooty flame due to incomplete combustion which is not enough to melt metals for welding.
Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction ?
Answer:
The addition of oxygen to a substance is called oxidation. The conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is as follows:
Since, in this reaction, one oxygen is added to ethanol, hence it is an oxidation reaction.
Question 2.
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?
Answer:
A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because when ethyne is burnt in air, it gives a sooty flame due to incomplete combustion which is not enough to melt metals for welding.
In Text Questions-pg-74
Question 1.How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid ?
Answer:Take the samples of alcohol and carboxylic acid in different test tubes and add some sodium hydrogen carbonated in both the tubes.
Carboxylic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to give brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas but alcohol does not react with sodium hydrogen carbonate.
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)
Question 2.What are oxidising agents ?
Answer:An oxidising agent is one which oxidises other substances by providing oxygen or removing hydrogen. Alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate can be used as oxidising agents.
For example: Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate are oxidising alcohols to acids, that is, adding oxygen to the starting material.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid ?
Answer:
Take the samples of alcohol and carboxylic acid in different test tubes and add some sodium hydrogen carbonated in both the tubes.
Carboxylic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to give brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas but alcohol does not react with sodium hydrogen carbonate.
Question 2.
What are oxidising agents ?
Answer:
An oxidising agent is one which oxidises other substances by providing oxygen or removing hydrogen. Alkaline potassium permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate can be used as oxidising agents.
For example: Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate are oxidising alcohols to acids, that is, adding oxygen to the starting material.
In Text Questions-pg-76
Question 1.Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent ?
Answer:Detergent gives lather with hard and soft water both, while a soap gives lather with soft water only. Thus, it is not possible to check the hardness of water by using a detergent.
Question 2.People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they beat the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes ?
Answer:It is necessary to agitate to get clean clothes because the soap micelles which entrap oily dirt on the surface of dirty cloth have to be removed from its surface. When the dirty clothes are agitated in soap solution, the oily dirt particles entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water and the clothes get cleaned.
Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent ?
Answer:
Detergent gives lather with hard and soft water both, while a soap gives lather with soft water only. Thus, it is not possible to check the hardness of water by using a detergent.
Question 2.
People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they beat the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes ?
Answer:
It is necessary to agitate to get clean clothes because the soap micelles which entrap oily dirt on the surface of dirty cloth have to be removed from its surface. When the dirty clothes are agitated in soap solution, the oily dirt particles entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water and the clothes get cleaned.
Exercise-pg-77
Question 1.Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has :
A. 6 covalent bonds
B. 7 covalent bonds
C. 8 covalent bonds
D. 9 covalent bonds
Answer:The number of covalent bonds in ethane (C2H6) is 7. Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon in which all the carbon atoms are connected by only single bonds.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Question 2.Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group :
A. carboxylic acid
B. aldehyde
C. ketone
D. alcohol
Answer:Acetone (CH3CH2COCH3) is an organic compound which contains a ketone as functional group.
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJIAAAA4CAIAAACZnjZRAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAAlwSFlzAAAOwwAADsMBx2+oZAAACd5JREFUeF7tnGWMFEkUgFnBXQ4P7q7BIXiA4B5cgwQIBAkJJFiQ4PzAgltwd9cAh0twd3fX+5bHdfp6dupmeju7NWzXj01vd9WrV8/rVb0J+vnzZwy3BRoFggMNYRffMAoEaahtDx48uHHjRmhoaPbs2ZMnT+4yKhwKwDZ92uXLl2vXrm1gGRIS0qlTpxcvXuiDoSaYxNAED9A4ffp0okSJEiRIMHXq1LNnzx49erRnz56wsECBAs+fP9cHTx0w0YVtnz9/zpkzZ7x48a5fv26my4wZM+Bc27ZtdSCWPjjowrbly5fDnnHjxnmSpnjx4ny6e/euPlSLckx0iSTXrVsHb+rXr+/pflu1asXLQ4cOubGJQQFd2Hbp0qWECROmTZvWkze5c+fm5a1bt1y2ace2T58+xY0bl6DfkzexYsXi5Y8fP1y2ace2FClSEOi/ffvWkzf379/nZZo0aVy2ace2UqVKffv27dixY5682bx5My8lMHHbbwpEeVAkCJw7dw6EypYta8HnypUrQUFBJUuW1ARPTdDQZQMAOfr27Qvn2rRp8+zZM6HO8ePHM2bMiMM7efKkJvTSBA2N2AZFevfuDefIaRUtWjRXrlw8p0uXbufOnZoQSx80tEslk+JavXr1hQsXEidOXKFChQYNGpDucl2ahQLasc3lkC8U0GW7beC6dOnS8ePHf/jwYejQoVu3bvVlDdGxjz72WjCpXLlynDhxHj16BDM6d+6sG3qa4KOdtnF2kyxZsuBfLX78+NFRk3xYs3Zs8wFnt0sMl20BKQQu21y2BSQFAhJpV9tctgUkBQISaVfbXLYFJAUCEmlX21y2OUGBN2/ecDuBmyO09+/fOwHyD4QRMmTIEK2WxVl2oUKFypcvD9uqVKmSI0cOrdDTBBn34EYTRviHhuvb/KOXJr111Dbqbs6cOfPy5cukSZPmzZuXcim5Kmm7nTp1iuPyd+/epUyZkkKQTJkyce/h4sWL/LUY4devX1OEkCVLliRJktieLtyBX79+3bVr14EDBx4/fsxF3oIFC1avXp1bhCdOnOD6U6NGjcyH+F++fFm2bBl4litXLnw0jAOk79+/05XxUIoqiooVK44ZM4ZLcMQF3bp1W7hwoeWoacuWLV26dHn48KGDR1BHjhwpU6aMIApN5SEid0m4oy6Xms0AueAMzhAlX758FuTXrFlDT+jg4KIAxZ1BpgMyx1LZsmWTO59UpfCpR48ePFsKVhBZXtarV88bGr+NJAJerFixpk2bcpUDeSxdujTcWrFiBYdeHz9+pHJp/fr1FrYjONOnT+eWlVNSuWHDBi7WXbt2bfbs2Tdv3gQy9F25ciX42Jti8uTJdevWjRkz5qpVq+7duwdAlsmiUqdObQ+gvVFcjalZsyZnh2jb06dPr169St0lfxs3bgxA7mLzFzqbgROXIbWq40b4icZwQYoz5Y0bN5rZS/ES/z558gSI7dq1s3B++PDhvMf4OCKYkBUsMVlOlbKhuKCHIcJghIshlhCBsHxau3Ytoyj/cWRRAMEkYv1YFyY6XJj9+/dnRsTU/PXVq1ewrUWLFiptYyQXtrdt21arVi0zzyPoUfySzSlTpqDfM2fO5Gjbr4HeOrOxQYRnzZplGFvPngi15SWq6cjsBpC5c+fCMG7HqE/qLV//97JaME540aJFlSpVYqukwBhdtHylhNCpFSJTOBVslxoH36dDWvGI+PP06dN7GwXPCBPwIkZjlDgVbw0ze+fOHQyDutEHVgkQIoDYsWNzc1CBBp8OHz7MXV6j4YCgicVymiGEclubHhhfBbpMTMCDqzDKXoAIXTyl1QDCpauOHTvSQdEHaA0bNgQsFRtYCais6MzWm2IqxUpknbt3786aNStkxTbmz59fsSjCORy5uaSf2QHCEG9otGzZEpvki/RgPCTWoJqSAIS5vI2SIiN8sGcHheqH4ksYoPbSKNbfv5oFtILKIEoIp6AyoGAbPpUHSEwcG26VlDEjzACaYkZhGxImAPmrBojnZtXcgxZW0Rh+/vz5BQsWGG8s6+Wie4kSJRQ4SH+GE1vJM51ZmoLTguqSJUvgriE0KCuMxBh4HYh48o2Y0Jv3IyRh7ubNm2MieJbG88CBAxnoSEjCNiVVqlSZM2d2KhBA28ANV60AyHRFihSxdBBqGCEJ2VGCFBquxB5ueB+cKxTzNlxCEqPsQboh0EZIwjNWYcSIEf369duxY4d0CKY2gmHYVoVE0A+fiT3569/GM1sQYwjmC5sAimw1bFTrYg2wkNhJdtkKNHz/RFVqnjx59uzZg7vyNgpZFEk3NxLZxr+wsHDhwgTMffr0ARo/3uA7AkbPGjVqoG1sY9RjLYV9ZjT41L17dzh3+/btqlWrTpo0CVDBbAOxP+xm5Eapt+ap6eY1U5fGTK1bt8ZGsU9ne+TvCuW3LOC9yjL4DBSWQGuuNkstiL0G70kyECawnAwZMvTq1csGHH7jgdgYlaJoyMZwhhBVomQwiCQARUnkQMLYRhs9ejQrpEiCbaA90FTFz58/HxQlvyB7Jr8a2sbaiKDwCps2bcJoUBaMbdm+fbu9HX379u2Jd+bNm4epPHjwIFYOgBhPYgq8GriJtVEgScmP5JbwkYAikeHXiqQzVbJcj2dqaohY4L59+0iq8ZMrEyZMIMqjg+iDJya8F8WAQbIlp2HVcK5hT4K97J0xVqx22rRp7J8Qf/wZhlWoxrPFOg8ePJj3+HDDHONISXAQc0v2yEYjqqTQRlA0tjIkF2yAYgjLHjBggIRF5qQD1oavhABkOy2QyafQmQDB8h7rRNrPHhqMgkNYSzPXwWrx4sV8goysVFAyGkIGHTp06CBvyK00a9aM/ADOmDggjMdG17179/L7EuKxMDJkXcmMwHOsH5JCIYUFaXayHIzx41jyfuLEiRhbxiJctpfHQDBG28aOHYsTRgiw6ZKssd3IAeFaRo0aNXLkSHaoCLvkTfDBWAULWPSbrQv+wvyerBvrYqBtHGQgug6RyU+ibUYyiPXKdsUMHLJj+dhEykv0AWNGAoF0MQv5D9ukB+oM0mgYeuYXllAHEpMOIGoBOb/G6twZRUGI58yZowOSCDQCBKmdryYlJKlWrZoOi4w4DsQRSKFidxTxKfyCwAkUbCPkdv6YFGV1Kq9oIwRwcMj+/fv5eQZ+woGzEfYShEuORLn+Ysi8Xbt25QSKsLZOnTqoBHs2Z45JmzRpgjnGwxMp4V0xkn/AHRB2I4SdiCA7J1wGXp8EY+RLJNHjsGHDOM/CVhMZDRo0iPywM2zDvZNK4JCC81VSkaQ8/JUpnfuHhQDeE5VRgrkzbIsS1KPzpM77tuhMzUhbu8u2SCO1kxO5bHOSmpEG6x8tXZE3jbZ2aAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Question 3.While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that :
A. the food is not cooked completely
B. the fuel is not burning completely
C. the fuel is wet
D. the fuel is burning completely
Answer:While cooking, if the bottom of the cooking utensil is getting blackened on the outside, it means that the fuel is not burning completely.
Question 4.Explain the nature of the covalent bond by using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
Answer:Carbon has four electron in its outermost shell and needs to gain or loss four electrons to attain noble gas configuration. To overcome this, carbon shares each of the four electrons with each of the three hydrogen atoms and one chloride atom. The bond that are formed by sharing electrons are known as covalent bond.
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![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Question 5.Draw the electron-dot structures for:
(a) ethanoic acid
(b) H2S
(c) propanone
(d) F2
Answer:(a) The electron – dot structure for ethanoic acid (CH3COOH):
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(b) The electron-dot structure for hydrogen sulphide (H2S):
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(c) The electron-dot structure for propane (CH3COCH3):
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(d) The electron-dot structure for fluorine (F2):
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Question 6.What is a homologous series ? Explain with an example.
Answer:A series of organic compounds in which hydrogen in a carbon chain is replaced by the same functional group, is called homologous series. Any two adjacent homologues differ by (-CH2) in their molecular formulae.
All the compounds of a homologous series show similar chemical properties.
Example of homologous series: Alkynes.
All the members of homologous series of alkynes have similar structure and similar chemical properties, so they can be grouped together into the homologous series. The general formula of homologous series of alkynes is CnH2n-2. Where, n is the number of carbon atoms in alkyne molecule. The members of alkyne homologous series are:
● Ethyne (C2H2)-First member of alkyne homologous series.
● Propyne (C3H4)-Second member of alkyne homologous series.
● Butyne (C4H6)-Third member of alkyne homologous series.
● Pentyne (C5H8)-Four member of alkyne homologous series.
● Hexyne (C6H10)-Five member of alkyne homologous series.
Question 7.How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties ?
Answer:(a) Differences in physical properties :
(i) Ethanol has a pleasant smell whereas ethanoic acid has the smell of vinegar.
(ii) Ethanol has a burning taste whereas ethanoic acid has a sour taste.
(iii)The boiling point of ethanol is low (351 K) whereas that of ethanoic acid is comparatively high (391 K).
(b) Differences in chemical properties :
(i) Ethanol has no action on any litmus paper but ethanoic acid turns blue litmus to red.
(ii) Ethanol has no reaction with sodium hydrogencarbonate but ethanoic acid gives brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide with sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Question 8.Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water ? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also ?
Answer:A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids. It has one polar end and one non-polar end. Polar end is hydrophilic in nature whereas non-polar end is hydrophobic. When soap is added to water, it forms a colloidal suspension in water in which the soap molecules cluster together to form spherical aggregates called micelles. In a soap micelle, soap molecules are arranged radially with hydrocarbon ends directed towards the center and ionic ends directed outwards.
No, micelle will not be formed in other solvents such as ethanol.
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)
Question 9.Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications ?
Answer:Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels because they give a lot of heat and light when burnt in air.
(i) When carbon is burned in air, it produces carbon dioxide gas and releases a lot of heat :
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(ii) When a carbon compound methane is burned in air, it produces carbon dioxide and water vapour, and releases a lot of heat :
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Question 10.Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer:Soap does not work properly when hard water is used. Hard water contains salt of calcium and magnesium. When soap is added with hard water, a large amount of soap in water reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate called scum. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.
Question 11.What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue) ?
Answer:Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus paper blue. However, blue litmus paper will remain blue when tested with soap solution.
Question 12.What is hydrogenation ? What is its industrial application ?
Answer:The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of nickel (or palladium) catalyst to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation.
This reaction is commonly used in hydrogenation of vegetable oil into vegetable ghee (solid fat).
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)
Question 13.Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions ?
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Answer:Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) will give addition reactions. Being unsaturated hydrocarbons, C3H6 (alkene) and C2H2(alkyne)will give addition reactions.
Question 14.Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Answer:Take butter and cooking oil in two separate test tubes and add bromine water in both the tubes. Cooking oil decolourises the bromine water which means it is an unsaturated compound whereas butter does not decolourise the bromine water showing it is a saturated compound.
Question 15.Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soap.
Answer:Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing properties, one is hydrophilic, that is, it dissolves in water, while the other end is hydrophobic, that is, it dissolves in hydrocarbons. When soap is at the surface of water, the hydrophobic ‘tail’ of soap will not be soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface of water with the ionic end in water and the hydrocarbon ‘tail’ protruding out of water.
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)
Inside water, these molecules have a unique orientation that keeps the hydrocarbon portion out of the water. This is achieved by forming clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster. This formation is called a micelle. Soap in the form of a micelle is able to clean, since the oily dirt will be collected in the center of the micelle. The ionic ends in the micelles remain attached to water. When the dirty clothes are agitated in soap solution, the oily dirt particles entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water and the clothes get cleaned.
Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has :
A. 6 covalent bonds
B. 7 covalent bonds
C. 8 covalent bonds
D. 9 covalent bonds
Answer:
The number of covalent bonds in ethane (C2H6) is 7. Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon in which all the carbon atoms are connected by only single bonds.
Question 2.
Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group :
A. carboxylic acid
B. aldehyde
C. ketone
D. alcohol
Answer:
Acetone (CH3CH2COCH3) is an organic compound which contains a ketone as functional group.
Question 3.
While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that :
A. the food is not cooked completely
B. the fuel is not burning completely
C. the fuel is wet
D. the fuel is burning completely
Answer:
While cooking, if the bottom of the cooking utensil is getting blackened on the outside, it means that the fuel is not burning completely.
Question 4.
Explain the nature of the covalent bond by using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
Answer:
Carbon has four electron in its outermost shell and needs to gain or loss four electrons to attain noble gas configuration. To overcome this, carbon shares each of the four electrons with each of the three hydrogen atoms and one chloride atom. The bond that are formed by sharing electrons are known as covalent bond.
Question 5.
Draw the electron-dot structures for:
(a) ethanoic acid
(b) H2S
(c) propanone
(d) F2
Answer:
(a) The electron – dot structure for ethanoic acid (CH3COOH):
(b) The electron-dot structure for hydrogen sulphide (H2S):
(c) The electron-dot structure for propane (CH3COCH3):
(d) The electron-dot structure for fluorine (F2):
Question 6.
What is a homologous series ? Explain with an example.
Answer:
A series of organic compounds in which hydrogen in a carbon chain is replaced by the same functional group, is called homologous series. Any two adjacent homologues differ by (-CH2) in their molecular formulae.
All the compounds of a homologous series show similar chemical properties.
Example of homologous series: Alkynes.
All the members of homologous series of alkynes have similar structure and similar chemical properties, so they can be grouped together into the homologous series. The general formula of homologous series of alkynes is CnH2n-2. Where, n is the number of carbon atoms in alkyne molecule. The members of alkyne homologous series are:
● Ethyne (C2H2)-First member of alkyne homologous series.
● Propyne (C3H4)-Second member of alkyne homologous series.
● Butyne (C4H6)-Third member of alkyne homologous series.
● Pentyne (C5H8)-Four member of alkyne homologous series.
● Hexyne (C6H10)-Five member of alkyne homologous series.
Question 7.
How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and chemical properties ?
Answer:
(a) Differences in physical properties :
(i) Ethanol has a pleasant smell whereas ethanoic acid has the smell of vinegar.
(ii) Ethanol has a burning taste whereas ethanoic acid has a sour taste.
(iii)The boiling point of ethanol is low (351 K) whereas that of ethanoic acid is comparatively high (391 K).
(b) Differences in chemical properties :
(i) Ethanol has no action on any litmus paper but ethanoic acid turns blue litmus to red.
(ii) Ethanol has no reaction with sodium hydrogencarbonate but ethanoic acid gives brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide with sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Question 8.
Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water ? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also ?
Answer:
A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids. It has one polar end and one non-polar end. Polar end is hydrophilic in nature whereas non-polar end is hydrophobic. When soap is added to water, it forms a colloidal suspension in water in which the soap molecules cluster together to form spherical aggregates called micelles. In a soap micelle, soap molecules are arranged radially with hydrocarbon ends directed towards the center and ionic ends directed outwards.
No, micelle will not be formed in other solvents such as ethanol.
Question 9.
Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications ?
Answer:
Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels because they give a lot of heat and light when burnt in air.
(i) When carbon is burned in air, it produces carbon dioxide gas and releases a lot of heat :
(ii) When a carbon compound methane is burned in air, it produces carbon dioxide and water vapour, and releases a lot of heat :
Question 10.
Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer:
Soap does not work properly when hard water is used. Hard water contains salt of calcium and magnesium. When soap is added with hard water, a large amount of soap in water reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate called scum. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.
Question 11.
What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue) ?
Answer:
Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus paper blue. However, blue litmus paper will remain blue when tested with soap solution.
Question 12.
What is hydrogenation ? What is its industrial application ?
Answer:
The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in the presence of nickel (or palladium) catalyst to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation.
This reaction is commonly used in hydrogenation of vegetable oil into vegetable ghee (solid fat).
Question 13.
Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions ?
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Answer:
Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) will give addition reactions. Being unsaturated hydrocarbons, C3H6 (alkene) and C2H2(alkyne)will give addition reactions.
Question 14.
Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Answer:
Take butter and cooking oil in two separate test tubes and add bromine water in both the tubes. Cooking oil decolourises the bromine water which means it is an unsaturated compound whereas butter does not decolourise the bromine water showing it is a saturated compound.
Question 15.
Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soap.
Answer:
Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing properties, one is hydrophilic, that is, it dissolves in water, while the other end is hydrophobic, that is, it dissolves in hydrocarbons. When soap is at the surface of water, the hydrophobic ‘tail’ of soap will not be soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface of water with the ionic end in water and the hydrocarbon ‘tail’ protruding out of water.
Inside water, these molecules have a unique orientation that keeps the hydrocarbon portion out of the water. This is achieved by forming clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster. This formation is called a micelle. Soap in the form of a micelle is able to clean, since the oily dirt will be collected in the center of the micelle. The ionic ends in the micelles remain attached to water. When the dirty clothes are agitated in soap solution, the oily dirt particles entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water and the clothes get cleaned.